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The Tonga mainly occupy both the valley and plateau above the Zambezi River in the Southern Province of Zambia and the adjacent borderlands of northern Zimbabwe. Subsistence relies on plow agriculture and raising livestock. Cotton is grown as a cash crop and commercial fishing is practiced along the river. Traditional society was organized into matrilineal clans with big-men exercising minimal power over neighborhoods of less than a thousand people. In post-colonial Zambia, councilors are elected at the ward, district and provincial level. Missionary presence since the turn of the nineteenth century has produced a blend of Christian doctrines with traditional beliefs in ancestral and communal spirits.

Outside development interventions

Grains from grass

The social consequences of resettlement

Land law and land holdings among Valley Tonga of Zambia

Spirit possession among the Tonga of Zambia

Marriage & the family among Plateau Tonga of Northern Rhodesia

Life among the cattle-owning plateau Tonga

Culture Summary

Social organization of the Gwembe Tonga

Reciprocity, redistribution and the male life cycle

The material culture of the peoples of the Gwembe Valley

The ecology of the Gwembe Tonga

Gathering among African woodland savannah cultivators

Ecological bottlenecks and the development of the Kariba Lake Basin

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Author	Title	Publication Date
Araki, Minako	Outside development interventions	2001
Cliggett, Lisa	Grains from grass	2005
Colson, Elizabeth	The social consequences of resettlement	1971
Colson, Elizabeth	Land law and land holdings among Valley Tonga of Zambia	1966
Colson, Elizabeth	Spirit possession among the Tonga of Zambia	1969
Colson, Elizabeth	Marriage & the family among Plateau Tonga of Northern Rhodesia	1958
Colson, Elizabeth	Life among the cattle-owning plateau Tonga	1949
Colson, Elizabeth	Culture Summary	2014
Colson, Elizabeth	Social organization of the Gwembe Tonga	1967
Lancaster, Chet S.	Reciprocity, redistribution and the male life cycle	1967
Reynolds, Barrie	The material culture of the peoples of the Gwembe Valley	1968
Scudder, Thayer	The ecology of the Gwembe Tonga	1962
Scudder, Thayer	Gathering among African woodland savannah cultivators	1971
Scudder, Thayer	Ecological bottlenecks and the development of the Kariba Lake Basin	1972

Tonga

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