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The Rwandans encompass groups presently known as Hutu, Tutsi and Twa.  The differentiation is today much greater than in the past when they lived together as members of a single political community beginning with the founding of the Kingdom of Rwanda in the 16th century. The Rwandan monarchy expanded over years to extend control over neighboring kingdoms and chieftaincies through conquest and incorporation. The royal court encouraged hierarchical differentiation between Hutu, Tutsi and Twa as a means of helping organize its rule. This differentiation was further exaggerated during the colonial period, making the meaning of ethnic identity more contentious and the most important cause of cyclical political violence in the Great Lakes Region of East Africa.

Investigations in the area between the Nile and the Congo

Essay on the common law of Ruanda

Loose women, virtuous wives, and timid virgins

Rwanda

Culture summary

Genocide and socio-political change

The origins of Hutu and Tutsi

The kingdom of Ruanda

The premise of inequality in Ruanda:

The cohesion of oppression

Background to genocide

The clans of Rwanda

A Hamitic kingdom in the center of Africa

The Bagesu and other tribes of the Uganda Protectorate

The harp that plays by itself

Mutton, mud, and runny noses

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Author	Title	Publication Date
Czekanowski, Jan	Investigations in the area between the Nile and the Congo	1917
Hove, Julien van	Essay on the common law of Ruanda	1941
Jefremovas, Villia	Loose women, virtuous wives, and timid virgins	1991
Lemarchand, René	Rwanda	1995
Longman, Timothy	Culture summary	2009
Longman, Timothy Paul	Genocide and socio-political change	1995
Mamdani, Mahmood	The origins of Hutu and Tutsi	2001
Maquet, Jacques Jérôme Pierre	The kingdom of Ruanda	1954
Maquet, Jacques Jérôme Pierre	The premise of inequality in Ruanda:	1961
Newbury, Catharine	The cohesion of oppression	1988
Newbury, Catharine	Background to genocide	1995
Newbury, David S.	The clans of Rwanda	1980
Pagés, G.	A Hamitic kingdom in the center of Africa	1933
Roscoe, John	The Bagesu and other tribes of the Uganda Protectorate	1924
Taylor, Christopher C. (Christopher Charles)	The harp that plays by itself	1992
Taylor, Christopher C. (Christopher Charles)	Mutton, mud, and runny noses	2005

Rwandans

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