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Although the Kol people in general once were described as widespread and prominent throughout the central uplands of India, by the late twentieth century the Kol tribe proper could be found largely in Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh states. The ancient language of the Kol has been replaced by Hindi and the Devanagari script. Once centered on agriculture, in the twentieth century subsistence came to be based on paid day labor and the collection of forest products, including firewood for sale. The Kol are divided into endogamous subunits known as [n]baenk[/n]. Governance at the community level is provided by councils of three elders, along with a headman chosen by villagers.

The Kol tribe of central India

Land distribution for Kol tribals in Uttar Pradesh

Culture summary

Why do the bonded fear freedom?

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Author	Title	Publication Date
Griffiths, Walter G.	The Kol tribe of central India	1946
Joshi, B. K.	Land distribution for Kol tribals in Uttar Pradesh	2003
Singh, K. S.	Culture summary	2014
Singh, Sunīta	Why do the bonded fear freedom?	2010

Kol

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