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Traditionally, the Macro-Ge speaking Botocudo were organized into nomadic hunting and gathering bands of 50–200 members led by shaman-chiefs. By the nineteenth century they had been driven inland by frontier wars and colonization from the coastal areas of Espirito Santo and southeastern Bahia to western Espirito Santo and eastern Minas Gerais, Brazil. The Botocudo believed in sky spirits that interceded in human affairs through the mediation of shamans. The remaining Botocudo practice agriculture.

Ueber die Botocudos der brasilianischen Provinzen Espiritu santo und Minas Geraes

On the Botocudos

Uncertain refuge

The Botocudo

Social organization and beliefs of the Botocudo of eastern Brazil

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Author	Title	Publication Date
Ehrenreich, Paul	Ueber die Botocudos der brasilianischen Provinzen Espiritu santo und Minas Geraes	1887
Keane, A. H. (Augustus Henry)	On the Botocudos	1884
Langfur, Hal	Uncertain refuge	2002
Métraux, Alfred	The Botocudo	1946
Nimuendajú, Curt	Social organization and beliefs of the Botocudo of eastern Brazil	1946
Skoggard, Ian A.	Culture summary	2020

Botocudo

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