Weiss, Jerome. Folk psychology of the Javanese of Ponorogo
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Table of Contents
Publication Information
Front Matter
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Abstract: Folk Psychology Of The Javanese Of Ponorogo
Preface
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Body
Chapter 1: Folk Psychology And Folk Science
Ethnoscience And Folk Science .
Defining “folk Psychology”
Extensional Definition
A Javanese “science Of Life”
The Folk Psychologist
Javanese Folk Psychologists
Folk Psychology And Ethnography
Notes
Chapter 2: The Research
Setting
Procedure
Data Collection
Field Assistants
Informants
The Santri-abangan Dichotomy
The Dissertation
Transcriptions And Translations Of Texts
Orthography
Organization
Notes
Chapter 3: Behavior And Personality As Javanese Concepts
The Javanese Lexicon Of Behavior
Some Categories Of General Behavior
Tindak Tanduk, Tingkah Laku, Kalakuwan
Solah Bawa
Solah Tingkah, Polah Tingkah
Panggawé, Tingkah, Pokal, Pakarti
Laku, Lagu
Categories Of Physical Movement
Terms Referring To Physical Movement
Solah
Terms Referring To Patterns Of Habitual Behavior
Lagéyan
Bendana
Manner Of Execution
Observable Behavior And Internalized Behavior
Etiquette
A Javanese Theory Of Personality
ḍasar : The Biological Base
Two Senses Of Dasar
Watak: Innate Personality
Inner And Outer Personality Structures
Manifest Personality
Comparison With Innate Personality
Some Categories Of Manifest Personality
Social Character
Characteristic Traits
Inner Personality
The “heart” As A Metaphorical Center Of Character
Moral Character
Discrepancies Between Inner And Outer Structures
“multiple Personalities”
Strength Of The Innate Personality
Heredity And Learning In Personality Formation
Maturation
Explanation Of Behavior
Usual Behavior
Postnatal Influences As Explanations
God's Will/destiny/“law” Of Karma
Socialization
Friendships/social Contacts
Foodstuffs/imbalances Of Vital Substances
Supernatural Beings
Black Magic
Objects And Places Having Power
Unusual Mental States/altered States Of Consciousness
Uncontrolled Drives
Weather
Accident/error
Coercion
Enabling Factors
Notes
Chapter 4: Structure And Formation Of The Biological Base
Composition Of The Base
Components
External Physical Traits
Internal Physical Traits
Ancestral Traits
Gentility
Special Abilities
Innate Power
Talents
Intelligence
Innate Personality
“spirit” Of The Base
Formation Of The Base
Influences Before Conception
Predestination
Reincarnation
Planned Reincarnation
Unplanned Reincarnation
Reunion With God
Length Of The Cycle
Relationship To Personality Traits
“law” Of Karma
Inherited Sin
Santri Beliefs
Influences Attendant To Conception
Heredity
Maternal And Paternal Inheritance
Persistence Of Hereditary Traits
Emotional Atmosphere
A Theory Of Conception
Effects Of Mental States
Illicit Sexual Relations
Auspicious And Inauspicious Days For Copulation
Auspicious Hours For Copulation
Place Of Copulation
Cleanliness And Health
Santri Practices
Influences During Gestation
Attitudes And Behavior Of Expectant Parents
Prohibitions
Addressing The Expected Child
Implementing Desirable Traits
Objects In The Environment
Vital Substances
Celestial Light
Four Elements
Other Vital Substances
Length Of Pregnancy
Seventh Stage Of Foetal Development
Effects Upon Intelligence And Other Traits
Foetal Transfers
Source Of Inherited Traits
Influences At Birth
Closing Of The Base
Differences Among Components
Santri Beliefs
Formative Influences Upon The Base In Explanations Of Behavior
Summary
Notes
Chapter 5: Physiology And Innate Patterns Of Behavior
Innate Patterns Of Behavior
Instinct
Two Meanings Of Naluri
Habitual Patterns Of Behavior
Cultural Instincts
Non-biological Explanations
Some “javanese Instincts”
Napsu : The Javanese Concept Of Drives
Four Napsus
Javanese Classifications
Islamic Classification
Comparison Of Javanese And Islamic Classifications
Relation To Instinct
Role Of Mutmainah
Relation To Emotions
Incidence In Animals
Incidence In Spirits
Associations
With The Five Senses
With Internal Organs (loci)
With Colors
With The Four Elements
With The “four Spiritual Relatives”
Role In Energizing Life Processes
Departure From The Body
Sensory Organs As Exits
Examples From Shadow Plays
Consequences Of Departure
Effecting Departure
Meeting One's Napsus
Repression Of Instincts And Drives
Relationships With Kabatinan
Abstinences
Practice In Connection With Javanese “science”
Effects On The Body
The Chain Of Vital Processes
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Dat
Urip Nyawa
Cahya, Nur
Sukma, Atma
Roh, Rah
Respiration Cycle And Napsus
Budi
The Effect Of Foods
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Meat
Fish
Fowl
Eggs
Fruits
Vegetables
Starches
Coconuts
Chilies
Salt
Sugar
Honey
Tea
Coffee
Alcohol
“tastes” And “countertastes”
Summary
Notes
Chapter 6: Liver And Brain: The Physiology Of Cognition
A Javanese Theory Of Cognition
Common Views On Cognition
Relationship Between Cognitive And Sensory Systems
Volition And Feeling
Pak Dwidjo's Account Of Cognitive Process
Divisions Of The “heart”
“heart” As A Center Of Feeling And Emotion
Memory And Recall
Cognitive Process “mikir”
Cooperation Between “heart” And Brain
The Cognitive Process “nggagas”
The Cognitive Process “nyipta”
The Cognitive Process “ngripta”
Animal Cognition
A Second Informant's Account Of Cognition
Neurophysiological Bases Of Behavior
Innate Patterns
Conscious Cognitive Process
Effects Of External Influences
Notes
Chapter 7: Knowledge, Science, And Power: Javanese Epistemology
A Javanese Theory Of Knowledge And Science
Èlmu : The Javanese Concept Of Science
Comparison Of Eastern And Western Science
Èlmu Kajawan : Javanese Science
Science Of “calculations ”
Experts In “calculations”
Javanese Magic As “science”
Conditions
Prohibitions
Names Of “sciences”
History Of “sciences”
A Classification Of Sciences
Èlmu Kabatinan
Èlmu Kanoragan
Èlmu Pangasihan
Èlmu Panugrahan
Combat Sciences
Extra-sensory Perception As A Source Of Knowledge
Signs
The Hierarchy Of Feeling
Rasa Sejati: Pure Feeling
Psychic Ability, Qualitative And Quantitative
Levels Of Epistemology And Spiritual Development
Psychic Experiences
Supernatural Inspiration
Inspiration Through Rigorous Abstinences
Santri Efforts To Obtain Inspiration
Wahyu Lailatul Kadar
Inspiration As Special Abilities
Other Conceptions Of Inspiration
Spirits As Sources
Dreams
Classification According To Cause
Impèn Cakra Bawa
Impèn Sudarsana
Impèn Dara-dasih
Impèn Waskiṭa
Likelihood Of Materialization
Classification According To Time
Use Of “calculations”
Averting Foretold Disasters
Dreams Sent By Spirits
Erotic Dreams
Instruction As A Source Of Knowledge
Advantages Of Instruction
Restrictions On Instruction
Responsibilities Of Teachers
Method And Content Of Instruction
Lack Of Èlmu As An Enabling Factor
Implications Of Lack Of Èlmu
Relationship To Other Enabling Factors
Spiritual Weakness
Mental Weaknesses
Summary
Notes
Chapter 8: Mental States
States Of Normal Consciousness
Mental States As Explanations Of Behavior
Explanations Of Mental States
Altered Consciousness
Intoxication
Meditation
Mental States During Asceticism
Cognitive Disorientation
Bingung
Kagèt
Other States
Insanity
Differences In Perceptual Distortion Among Mental States
Possession
Categories Of Possession
Named Categories
Kamong: Symbiotic Possession
Demonic Possession
Possession In Trance
Santri Beliefs
Other Forms Of Possession
Conventional Treatment
A ḍukun's Views On Exorcism
Pak Dwidjo's Views On Exorcism
Santri Views On Exorcism
Summary
Notes
Chapter 9: Javanese Folk Psychiatry
Javanese Neuroses And Psychoses
Neurotic Conditions
Psychotic Conditions
Chronic Mental Illness
Descriptive Expressions For Neurotic And Psychotic Conditions
Culture-bound Disorders
Latah
Ngamuk (amok)
The Etiology Of Psychoses
Treatment Of Psychotic Conditions
Relationship To Ethnomedicine
Diagnosis Of Psychotic Conditions
Diagnosis Of Etiology
Strategies For Treatment
One ḍukun's Strategy
Calculations To Determine Treatment
Consistency Of Calculations
Valid Causes Of Illness And Their Treatment
Chronic Insanity
Protective Magic
Medication
Purifying Baths
Post-bath Treatment
Pacifying Patients
A Second ḍukun's Strategy
Interviews And Counseling
Desiccation Of The Brain
Dislocation Of Cognitive Organs Or Blood Vessels.
Foreign Objects In The Body
Black Magic
Use Of The Talisman Rajah Gaman Cakra
Santri Attitudes Toward Mental Illness
Untreated Mental Illness
Summary
Notes
Chapter 10: Personality Diagnostics
Personality Assessment
Pirasats : Physical And Behavioral Correlates Of Personality
Candras ; Sets Of Pirasats
Applications
Applicability To Children
Similarities Between Human And Wayang Candras
Facial Features
Posture And Walking Gaits
Pirasats For Ideal Traits
Variable And Invariable Traits As Pirasats
Fatness And Thinness
Consistency And Contradiction Among Pirasats
Javanese Horoscopes As Indicators Of Personality
Uses Of Horoscopes
Calendrical Units In Horoscopes
Consistency And Inconsistency In Horoscopes
Names As Indicators Of Personality
Principles Of Name Selection
Differences Between Rural And Urban Areas
Names As Diagnostics
Relationship To ḍasar
Calculations For Marital Compatibility
Joḍo: Marital Compatibility
Prohibited Matches
Relationship Between “calculations” And Personal Compatibility
Matches Discouraged By Calculations
Identical And Equivalent Birthdays
Even Numerical Totals
Combinations Of Days Of Birth
Minor “calculations”
Personality Traits Of Spouses In Encouraged Matches
Summary
Notes
Chapter 11: Classifications Of Personality
Stereotypes
Regional And Ethnic Stereotypes
Parable Of Ethnic Stereotypes
Americans
Central Javanese
Madurese And Natives Of Surabaya
Natives Of Other Areas
Natives Of Ponorogo
Self-image
Comparison With Madurese And Surabayans
Attitudes Of Natives Of Other Areas
Somatic Stereotypes
Astrological Stereotypes
Typologies
The Wayang Literature As A Potential Source For Classifications Of Personality
Linguistic Use Of Wayang Names
Use Of Nicknames
Clowns
Heroines
Heroes
Gods
Ogres
Animals
Use Of Panḍawas As Symbols
Cosmic Symbolism
Ideal Types
Associations With The Senses And Napsus
Associations With The Fingers
Janaka And His Wives As Symbols Of Ideal Types
Summary
Notes
Chapter 12: Personality And Behavior, Ideal And Deviant
Ideal Patterns Of Behavior
Prominent Themes In Javanese Life
Javanese Vices
Ideal Personality Traits
Ideal Traits In The Teachings Of A Kabatinan Organization
Comments From Pak Dwidjo
Sabar
Narima
Lila, Lila Legawa
Ikhlas, Tulus
Deviants And Deviance
Ora Lumrah : The Javanese Concept Of Deviance
The Deviant As A Danger To Social Solidarity
Refusal To Hold Slametans
Refusal To Lend Money
Introversion
Relationship Of Deviance To Character
Relationship Of Deviance To Budi Pekerti
Differences In Local Tradition
Summary
Notes
Chapter 13: The Javanese Theory Of Behavior: Discussion And Concluding Remarks
Summary Of Explanatory Factors For Human Behavior
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Usual Behavior
Unusual Behavior
Enabling Factors
Outline Of Factors Accounting For Behavior
How Javanese Formulate Explanations Of Behavior
Factors Motivating Choice Among Alternative Explanations
Conjecture And Empirical Fact
Deduction
Self-interest And Attitude Toward The Actor
Fascination
Improbable Matches
Convergent Principles
Indeterminacy Of Causal Factors, Saliency Of Collateral Factors
Concluding Remarks
Back Matter
Appendix 1: Death And Afterwards
The Javanese Concept Of Death
Expressions Meaning “to Die”
Death As The Withdrawal Of Life
Life States And Death States
Moksa
Mrayang
Kena Arakan
Mati Sajeroning Urip
Signs Of Impending Death
Perfect And Imperfect Death
Helping The Departed Reach The Spirit World
At Death
Interment And The Funerary Slametan
Post-funerary Slametans
Entry Into The Spirit World
Decomposition And Liberation
Earthbound Spirits
The “cord Of Feeling”
Kinds Of Spirits
Spirits That Terrify
Intentions
Spirit Children
Contacts With Spirits
Teasing Spirits
Possession
Communication
Veneration Of Ancestral Spirits
Notes
Appendix 2: Javanese Science
“ Sciences ”
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Èlmu Welut Putih
Èlmu Brama Beḍali
Èlmu Bergenèn
Èlmu Wisnu Gunting
Èlmu Pambayan
Èlmu Pambungkeman
Èlmu Panyirepan
Èlmu Pangerupan
Èlmu Panglarisan
Èlmu Panulakan
Aji “sapa Sira Sapa Ingsun”
Astrological “calculations”
Dina ‘weekday’
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Akad ‘sunday’
Senèn ‘monday’
Slasa ‘tuesday’
Rabo ‘wednesday’
Kamis ‘thursday’
Juma'at ‘friday’
Setu ‘saturday’
Pasaran ‘market Day’
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Kliwon
Legi
Pahing
Pon
Wagé
Combination Of Dina And Pasaran
Without Calculation
Akad Kliwon
Senèn Legi
Slasa Pahing
Rabo Pon
Kamis Wagé
Juma'at Kliwon
Setu Legi
Akad Pahing
Senèn Pon
Slasa Wagé
Rabo Kliwon
Kamis Legi
Juma'at Pahing
Setu Pon
Akad Wagé
Senèn Kliwon
Slasa Legi
Rabo Pahing
Kanis Pon
Juma'at Wagé
Setu Kliwon
Akad Legi
Senèn Pahing
Slasa Pon
Rabo Wagé
Kamis Kliwon
Juma'at Legi
Setu Pahing
Akad Pon
Senèn Wagé
Slasa Kliwon
Rabo Legi
Kamis Pahing
Juma'at Pon
Setu Wagé
With Calculations
Wukus (175)
“calculations” For Names
Medical “calculations”
Physiognomy
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Pirasats Provided By Pak Dwidjo
Pirasats Provided By Mbak Di
A Candra For Women
References Cited
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