Far Eastern and Russian Institute of the University of Washington. Mongolian People's Republic (Outer Mongolia)
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Table of Contents
Publication Information
Front Matter
Body
Annex “a”, Subparagraph 1a Sociological Background General Character Of The Society
Factors Forming Mongolian Society
Buryats
Today's Mongols
The Yurt
The Buddhist Church
The Regime And The Arat
Suggested Readings For Subparagraph La, “general Character Of The Society”
Annex “a”, Subparagraph 1b Sociological Background Historical Setting
The Western Mongols
The Southern Mongols
The Northern Mongols
The Buryats
Periods Of Mongolian History
Russia And The Mongols
China (and The Manchus) And The Mongols (see Inner Mongolian Handbook)
Japan And The Mongols
The Progressive Decline Of The Mongols
Subparagraph 1b Historical Setting Suggested Readings
Annex “a”, Subparagraph 1b 1 Sociological Background The Geographical Setting
Climate
The Altai Mountain Region
The Great Lakes Basin
The Khangai-khentei Region
The Elevated Plains Of Eastern Mongolia
The Gobi Region
Waters
Conclusion
Subparagraph 1b 1 Geographical Setting Suggested Readings
Annex “a”, Subparagraph 1c, Sociological Background Size And Geographical Distribution Of Population
Annex “a”, Subparagraph 1d Sociological Background Ethnic Groups
The Mongols
The Turks
The Tungus
Subparagraph 1d Ethnic Groups Suggested Readings
Subparagraph 1e Languages
Languages Of The Mongolian People's Republic
The Khalkha-mongolian Language Today
Relation Of The Khalkha And Buryat Languages
Classification Of Mongolian Languages
History Of The Mongolian Language
Subparagraph 1e Languages Suggested Readings
Annex “a”, Subparagraph 1f, Sociological Background Social Structure
The Nobility
Commoners
Albatu
Khamjilga
Darkhan
Other Social Groups
The Religious Society And Class Structure
The Relationship Of Subject Groups And Ruling Groups
Political Organization And Class Structure
Economic Status And Class Structure
Social Mobility
Summary
Class Structure In Contemporary Mongolia Introduction
Plan Of The Government.
Process Of Change
Arat
Workers
“white Collar” Workers
Factors Influencing Class Structure
Summary
Subparagraph 1f Social Structure Suggested Readings
Annex “a”, Subparagraph 1g Sociological Background Family
Kinship Groupings
History Of The Clan Organization
The Family
Marriage
The Family And The Khoton
Interpersonal Relationships
Role Of Women
Family As A Social Unit
Subparagraph 1g Family Suggested Readings
Annex “a”, Subparagraph 1h, Sociological Background Social Values And Patterns Of Living
Introduction
Characteristic Ways Of Life
Social Relationships
Relationships Between The Mongols And Foreigners
Man's Relationship To The Supernatural
Conclusion
Subparagraph 1h Social Values And Patterns Of Living Suggested Readings
Annex “a,” Subparagraph 1i Sociological Background Artistic And Intellectual Expression
A. Literature And Folklore
Modern Mongolian Literature
B. Music
C. Dramatic Arts: The Tsam; Theater And Cinema In The Mongolian People's Republic.
D. The Fine Arts
E. Intellectual Expression
Subparagraph 1i Artistic And Intellectual Expression Suggested Readings
Annex “a”, Subparagraph 1 J Sociological Background Education
Literacy
Organization Of The School System
Teacher Training
The Government And The Schools
Evaluation Of The School System
Subparagraph Lj Education Suggested Readings
Annex “a”, Subparagraph 1k, Sociological Background Religion
The Organization Of The Lamaist Church
Shamanism
Lamaism
Lamaist Beliefs, Religious Practices And Superstitions
Attitude Of The Government Toward Religion
Subparagraph Lk Religion Suggested Readings
Annex “a”, Subparagraph 11, Sociological Background Public Information
Means Of Communication And Public Information
Radio, Telephone And Telegraph
Newspapers And Other Publications
Printing Facilities
Stage And Motion Pictures
Conclusion
Subparagraph 11 Public Information Suggested Readings
Annex “a”, Subparagraph 1m Sociological Background Labor Force
Annex “a”, Subparagraph 1n Sociological Background Forced Labor
Annex “a”, Subparagraph 1o, Sociological Background Labor Relations And Organization
Annex “a”, Subparagraph 1p, Sociological Background Health And Sanitation
Subparagraph Lp Health And Sanitation Suggested Readings
Annex “a”, Subparagraph 1q Sociological Background Public Welfare
Annex “a”, Subparagraph 1r Sociological Background Attitudes And Reactions Of The People
Subparagraph 1r Attitudes And Reactions Of The People Suggested Readings
Bibliography Of Works Cited In Sociological Section
Annex “a”, Subparagraph 2 Political Background Introduction Modern Political History Of Outer Mongolia
Establishment Of People's Democracy
Purges And Counter-purges
Subparagraph Modern Political History Suggested Readings
Annex “a”, Subparagraph 2a And 2b Political Background Constitutional System And Structure Of Government
Subparagraph 2a Constitutional System Suggested Readings
Annex “a”, Subparagraph 2c Political Background Political Dynamics
Conclusion
Subparagraph 2c Political Dynamics Suggested Readings
Annex “a”, Subparagraph 2d Political Background Public Order And Safety
Civil Police
Political Police
Development
Prisons
Punishment
Annex “a”, Subparagraph 2e Political Background Foreign Policies
Subparagraph 2e Foreign Policies Suggested Readings
Annex “a”, Subparagraph 2f Political Background Subversive Potentialities
The Struggle Against The Buddhist Religion
Ethnic Antagonisms
Mongolian Nationalism And The Soviet Union
Tensions Between The Government And The People
Subparagraph 2f Subversive Potentialities Suggested Readings
Annex “a”, Subparagraph 2g, Political Background Propaganda
Annex “a”, Subparagraph 2h Political Background Biographies Of Key Personalities
A. Incumbent Government And Party Functionaries
B. Former Government And Party Functionaries
C. Personalities Under The Autonomous Regime (1911–1921).
Bibliography Of Works Cited In Political Section
Annex “a”, Subparagraph 3a Economic Background Livestock Breeding And Agricultural Potential
Part A — Livestock-breeding
The Stockbreeding Economy Before 1921.
1. Nature And Origins
2. The Technique Of Nomadic Stockbreeding.
3. The Pasturage Cycle. *
4. Regional Variation In The Pasturage Cycle.
5. Livestock — Types, Weights And Productivity.
6. The Size And Distribution Of Herds.
7. Alba, Urton Service, Liabilities To Authority.
8. Property Relationships, Ownership, And Indebtedness. Income Differentials
9. Conclusions.
The Stockbreeding Economy After 1921.
1. Soviet Policy Toward Outer Mongolian Economic Development And Toward Nomadism.
2. Outer Mongolian Governmental Policy Towards Stockbreeding.
A. Institutional Change.
A. Redistribution, Income Differentials.
B. Mutual Aid And The Khoton.
C. Settlement
D. Taxes, Procurements, Obligations To Authority.
E. Improving Stockbreeding In The Arat Sector.
3. Government Influences On The Arat.
4. How Successful Have The Policies Been?
5. The Future
General Conclusions
Estimated Livestock Totals And Distribution For 1950
Subparagraph 3a Livestock — Breeding
Agricultural Potential
Regional Climatic Limitations On Crop Cultivation
Summary Of Moisture-temperature Relationships
Topographic And Soil Limitations
Summary Of Factors Restricting Cultivable Area
Evaluation Of Estimates Of Cultivable Area
Crop Production Practices And Techniques
Small-scale Subsistence Crop Production
Large-scale Commercial Crop Production
Crop Production Practises Common To Both The Goskhozes And Arat-chinese Sector
Crop Production Since 1921
Summary
Annex “a”, Subparagraph 3b, Economic Background Industrial Potential
1. A Brief History Of Industry In Outer Mongolia.
Post-1921
2. The Contemporary Industrial Picture In Outer Mongolia
The Ministry Of Industry. *
The Choibalsan Industrial Combine
The State Construction Trust
The Printing Industry
The Power Combine
Metal Working
Khatkhyl Wool-washing Plant
Other Industry
Kustpromsoiuz
The Coal Industry
The Ministry Of Food
Other Ministries
Statistical Material On Mongolian Industry
Components Of Gross Output
Capital Investment
Yearly Output Per Worker
Conclusions.
Subparagraph 3b Industrial Potential Suggested Readings
Annex “a”, Subparagraph 3c, Economic Background Taxation
The Budget
Taxes: Introduction
Early History
The Reforms Of 1925–1927 And “left Wing Excesses” Of 1928–1932
Development Of The Present System Of Taxes: Fiscal Conformity With The Ussr.
Postwar Developments
Rationale And Evaluation Of Tax Structure
Budget Expenditures
Subparagraph 3c Trade Suggested Readings
Annex “a”, Subparagraph 3d Economic Background Banking And Currency System
Annex “a”, Subparagraph 3e Economic Background Trade
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1. Introductory
Pre-1921
2. Trade Centers And Areas
3. Chinese Trade With The Mongols
4. Russian Trade With The Mongols
5. Other Countries' Trade With The Mongols
6. Summary And Conclusions
After 1921
7. The Establishment Of The Soviet Monopoly Of Mongolian Trade.
8. Value Data On Totals Of Imports And Exports
9. Other Data On Imports And Exports
10. The Terms Of Trade
11. Exports
12. Imports
13. The Importance Of Russo-mongolian Trade
14. Current Organization Of Soviet-mongol Trade.
15. Conclusions
Domestic Trade
1. The Present Trading System
2. The Growth Of Cooperatives
3. The Growing Role Of Domestic Industry In Retail Trade.
4. The Growth Of Retail Trade.
Conclusions
Annex “a”, Subparagraph 3f Economic Background Transportation
Transport Before 1921
Transport After 1921
A. Surface Transport — Automotive
B. Surface Transport — Rail
C. Surface Transport — Water
D. Air Transport
Conclusion
Subparagraph 3f Transportation Suggested Readings
Bibliography Of Works Cited In Economic Section
Back Matter
A. Chronology
B. Glossary
Mongolian Words
Russian And Other Foreign Words
C. Constitution (fundamental Law) Of The Mongolian People's Republic
Chapter I Social Organization
Chapter Ii The Organization Of The State
Chapter Iii The Great People's Khural
Chapter Iv The Presidium Of The Great People's Khural
Chapter V The Council Of Ministers Of The Mongolian People's Republic
Chapter Vi Local Organs Of State Authority
Chapter Vii The Courts And The Prosecutor's Office
Chapter Viii The Budget Of The Mongolian People's Republic
Chapter Ix The Electoral System Of The Mongolian People's Republic
Chapter X Fundamental Rights And Duties Of Citizens
Chapter Xi Arms, Flag, Capital
Chapter Xii Procedure For Amending The Constitution Of The Mongolian People's Republic
Statutes Of The Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party *
Division 1 The Members Of The Party
Division Ii Obligations And Rights Of Members Of The Party
Division Iii The Bases Of Party Organization
Division Iv Higher Party Organs
Division V Aimak And City Party Organizations
Division Vi Primary Party Organizations
Division Vii Party Organizations In The Mpra And The Forces Of The Mvd
Division Viii Party Direction Of Non-party Organizations
Division Ix Party Direction Of Revsomol [revolutionary Youth League]
Division X Financial Means Of The Party
D. The Financial System Of The Mongolian People's Republic
I. The Unified Budget
Structure Of The Budget
Size And Significance Of The Unified Budget.
Ii. Budget Expenditures *
Expenditure Categories
Trends In Total Expenditures.
Trends In Relative Expenditures.
Iii. Budget Revenues
Present Structure Of Taxes
Brief History Of Taxes And Tax Structure
Taxes In Kind
Rationale And Evaluation Of The Tax System
Iv. Money, Banking, And Fiscal Policy
Mongolian Finance Before The Currency Reform Of 1925
The Mongolbank And The Currency Reform Of 1925.
Developments In Banking After 1928.
A Suggested Framework For Analyzing Financial Policy. *
Analysis Of The Mongolian Financial Accounts.
Appendix
Sources And Notes To Tables 1
Sources And Notes On Budget Expenditures Of Mongolian People's Republic 1921 – 1930
Sources And Notes On Budget Expenditures 1931 – 1939
Sources And Notes — Budget Expenditures 1940 – 1945
Sources And Notes — Budget Expenditures 1946 – 1953
Sources And Notes On State Revenues Mongolian People's Republic 1922 – 1930
Sources And Notes On State Revenues Mongolian People's Republic 1931 – 1939
Sources And Notes On State Revenues Mongolian People's Republic 1940 – 1945
Sources And Notes On State Revenues Mongolian People's Republic 1946 – 1953
Buryat-mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Supplement
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Historical Setting The Buryats At The Time Of The Russian Conquest 17th Century
I. The Buryat Tribes Of The 17th And 18th Centuries
Ii. The Russian Conquest Of The Buryat Country
Iii. The Economic Life Of The Buryats
Iv. The Relations Of The Buryats And Their Weaker Neighbors.
V. The Relations Between The Buryats And Mongols
Speranskii Reforms
Soviet Period
Population And Ethnic Groups
Population
Ethnic Groups
Physical Features
Buryat Social Organization
Introduction
Tribal Organization
Clan Organization
Lineages
Village
Household
The Kinship System And Social Organization
Clan Organization Since The 17th Century
Family
Marriage
Inheritance
Adoption
Interpersonal Relationships Within The Family
Interpersonal Relationships Outside The Family
Buryat Class System
Shaman
Slave Class
Pre Russian Period
Lamas
Russian Period
Soviet Period
Buryat Dress
Buryat Housing
Buryat Religion
Buryat-mongolian Supplement
Languages Of The Buryat-mongolian Republic
Buryat Culture
Literature And Folklore
Modern Buryat Literature
Buryat Music
Buryat Script And Literacy
Buryat Publications And Public Information
Buryat Education
Buryat Culture
The Buryat Intelligentsia
Conclusions
Bibliography Of Works Employed
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